Sandra Harding s Science And Social Inequality - 1395 Words

A Review of Sandra Harding’s Science and Social Inequality In Science and Social Inequality, Sandra Harding argues that both the philosophy and practices of modern Western science ultimately function to advance global social inequalities. Drawing on feminist, postcolonialist, multicultural, and antiracist critiques of Western science, Harding supports this argument and exposes the ways in which modern Western science engenders social injustices particularly within the contexts of militarism, environmental destruction, and Western expansion. Through the nuanced and multilayered review and analysis of these critiques, Harding proposes ways to re-conceptualize the sciences and formulates a persuasive case for the emergence of feminist, practice-focused philosophies of science. Science and Social Inequality is divided into two sections; this paper will examine the structural organization of Harding’s text with particular attention to how the initial section supports her proposed reconceptualization of the sciences on a global scale. My aim is to review themes and key points of the text in order to evaluate the case Harding presents for the utility and necessity of a postcolonial, feminist science studies. Part I: The Social World of Scientific Research The first part of Sandra Harding’s Science and Social Inequality is comprised of 6 chapters that situate science firmly within the social and political world and ultimately serve to question the outcomes of its researchShow MoreRelatedFeminism The Tempest1352 Words   |  6 Pagesnature of inequality and focuses on gender politics, power relations and sexuality. To do Feminist Research is to put the social construction of gender at the center of one s inquiry. Feminist theory is about seeing gender as a basic organizing principle which profoundly shapes/mediates the concrete conditions of our lives. In the play The Tempest, by William Shakespeare Miranda is a perfect example of a woman s role in literature from a feminist theorist perspective. In The Tempest, Miranda s prescribedRead MoreInterpretivism7441 Words   |  30 Pagessurprising regularity: Feminist research takes a variety of legitimate forms; there is no â€Å"distinctive feminist method of research† (Har ding, 1987; see also Chafetz, 2004a, 2004b; Fonow Cook, 2005; Hawkesworth, 2006; Hesse-Biber, 2007; Risman, Sprague, Howard, 1993; and Sprague, 2005). And yet, to this day, the relationship between feminist theory and quantitative social science research remains uneasy. Among feminist scholars, quantitative research is often seen as suspect for its association with positivismRead MoreShould Female Contruction Workers Earn the Same Wages as Male2427 Words   |  10 Pages217). Granted, middle class women still encounter the glass ceiling in their efforts to make it to the highest ranks of corporate life. Nevertheless, the womens movement secured a definite change in fortune for women from backgrounds with high social status. These women can now afford to be independent of men. Their financial future is no longer based on marrying into wealth. If a professional woman marries, and later divorces, the specter of impoverished single motherhood is rarely a threat.Read Morebiology 12589 4 Words   |  24 PagesSummary- The author writes about oppression in society and how it is full of contradictions. She states that there are no pure victims or oppressors, but rather everyone experiences a different amount of penalty and privilege based on their race and social status. She believes that if women and people of colour could find that they have common grounds in regards to class, it will eliminate racism and sexism. Thesis is in bold. She asks 2 questions: 1. How can we reconceptualise race, class andRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesand permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers

Binomial Table for n=2, n=3, n=4, n=5 and n=6

One important discrete random variable is a binomial random variable. The distribution of this type of variable, referred to as the binomial distribution, is completely determined by two parameters: n   and p.   Here n is the number of trials and p is the probability of success. The tables below are for n 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. The probabilities in each are rounded to three decimal places. Before using the table, it is important to determine if a binomial distribution should be used. In order to use this type of distribution, we must make sure that the following conditions are met: We have a finite number of observations or trials.The outcome of teach trial can be classified as either a success or a failure.The probability of success remains constant.The observations are independent of one another. The binomial distribution gives the probability of r successes in an experiment with a total of n independent trials, each having probability of success p.  Ã‚   Probabilities are calculated by the formula C(n, r)pr(1 - p)n - r where C(n, r) is the formula for combinations. Each entry in the table is arranged by the values of p and of r.   There is a different table for each value of n.   Other Tables For other binomial distribution tables: n 7 to 9, n 10 to 11.   For situations in which np  and n(1 - p) are greater than or equal to 10, we can use the normal approximation to the binomial distribution.   In this case, the approximation is very good and does not require the calculation of binomial coefficients.   This provides a great advantage because these binomial calculations can be quite involved. Example To see how to use the table, we will consider the following example from genetics.   Suppose that we are interested in studying the offspring of two parents who we know both have a recessive and dominant gene.   The probability that an offspring will inherit two copies of the recessive gene (and hence have the recessive trait) is 1/4.   Suppose we want to consider the probability that a certain number of children in a six-member family possesses this trait.   Let X be the number of children with this trait.   We look at the table for n 6 and the column with p 0.25, and see the following: 0.178, 0.356, 0.297, 0.132, 0.033, 0.004, 0.000 This means for our example that P(X 0) 17.8%, which is the probability that none of the children has the recessive trait.P(X 1) 35.6%, which is the probability that one of the children has the recessive trait.P(X 2) 29.7%, which is the probability that two of the children have the recessive trait.P(X 3) 13.2%, which is the probability that three of the children have the recessive trait.P(X 4) 3.3%, which is the probability that four of the children have the recessive trait.P(X 5) 0.4%, which is the probability that five of the children have the recessive trait. Tables for n2 to n6 n 2 p .01 .05 .10 .15 .20 .25 .30 .35 .40 .45 .50 .55 .60 .65 .70 .75 .80 .85 .90 .95 r 0 .980 .902 .810 .723 .640 .563 .490 .423 .360 .303 .250 .203 .160 .123 .090 .063 .040 .023 .010 .002 1 .020 .095 .180 .255 .320 .375 .420 .455 .480 .495 .500 .495 .480 .455 .420 .375 .320 .255 .180 .095 2 .000 .002 .010 .023 .040 .063 .090 .123 .160 .203 .250 .303 .360 .423 .490 .563 .640 .723 .810 .902 n 3 p .01 .05 .10 .15 .20 .25 .30 .35 .40 .45 .50 .55 .60 .65 .70 .75 .80 .85 .90 .95 r 0 .970 .857 .729 .614 .512 .422 .343 .275 .216 .166 .125 .091 .064 .043 .027 .016 .008 .003 .001 .000 1 .029 .135 .243 .325 .384 .422 .441 .444 .432 .408 .375 .334 .288 .239 .189 .141 .096 .057 .027 .007 2 .000 .007 .027 .057 .096 .141 .189 .239 .288 .334 .375 .408 .432 .444 .441 .422 .384 .325 .243 .135 3 .000 .000 .001 .003 .008 .016 .027 .043 .064 .091 .125 .166 .216 .275 .343 .422 .512 .614 .729 .857 n 4 p .01 .05 .10 .15 .20 .25 .30 .35 .40 .45 .50 .55 .60 .65 .70 .75 .80 .85 .90 .95 r 0 .961 .815 .656 .522 .410 .316 .240 .179 .130 .092 .062 .041 .026 .015 .008 .004 .002 .001 .000 .000 1 .039 .171 .292 .368 .410 .422 .412 .384 .346 .300 .250 .200 .154 .112 .076 .047 .026 .011 .004 .000 2 .001 .014 .049 .098 .154 .211 .265 .311 .346 .368 .375 .368 .346 .311 .265 .211 .154 .098 .049 .014 3 .000 .000 .004 .011 .026 .047 .076 .112 .154 .200 .250 .300 .346 .384 .412 .422 .410 .368 .292 .171 4 .000 .000 .000 .001 .002 .004 .008 .015 .026 .041 .062 .092 .130 .179 .240 .316 .410 .522 .656 .815 n 5 p .01 .05 .10 .15 .20 .25 .30 .35 .40 .45 .50 .55 .60 .65 .70 .75 .80 .85 .90 .95 r 0 .951 .774 .590 .444 .328 .237 .168 .116 .078 .050 .031 .019 .010 .005 .002 .001 .000 .000 .000 .000 1 .048 .204 .328 .392 .410 .396 .360 .312 .259 .206 .156 .113 .077 .049 .028 .015 .006 .002 .000 .000 2 .001 .021 .073 .138 .205 .264 .309 .336 .346 .337 .312 .276 .230 .181 .132 .088 .051 .024 .008 .001 3 .000 .001 .008 .024 .051 .088 .132 .181 .230 .276 .312 .337 .346 .336 .309 .264 .205 .138 .073 .021 4 .000 .000 .000 .002 .006 .015 .028 .049 .077 .113 .156 .206 .259 .312 .360 .396 .410 .392 .328 .204 5 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .001 .002 .005 .010 .019 .031 .050 .078 .116 .168 .237 .328 .444 .590 .774 n 6 p .01 .05 .10 .15 .20 .25 .30 .35 .40 .45 .50 .55 .60 .65 .70 .75 .80 .85 .90 .95 r 0 .941 .735 .531 .377 .262 .178 .118 .075 .047 .028 .016 .008 .004 .002 .001 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 1 .057 .232 .354 .399 .393 .356 .303 .244 .187 .136 .094 .061 .037 .020 .010 .004 .002 .000 .000 .000 2 .001 .031 .098 .176 .246 .297 .324 .328 .311 .278 .234 .186 .138 .095 .060 .033 .015 .006 .001 .000 3 .000 .002 .015 .042 .082 .132 .185 .236 .276 .303 .312 .303 .276 .236 .185 .132 .082 .042 .015 .002 4 .000 .000 .001 .006 .015 .033 .060 .095 .138 .186 .234 .278 .311 .328 .324 .297 .246 .176 .098 .031 5 .000 .000 .000 .000 .002 .004 .010 .020 .037 .061 .094 .136 .187 .244 .303 .356 .393 .399 .354 .232 6 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .001 .002 .004 .008 .016 .028 .047 .075 .118 .178 .262 .377 .531 .735

Sex Workers the Legalization of Prostitution Free Essays

Iya Clarke Mrs. Peacock 4 December Sex Workers: The Legalization of Prostitution Prostitution, one of the most controversial jobs created, is often revered as one of the lowest jobs of the career totem pole. Sex workers are counted out and their voices are rarely, if ever, listened to, but no longer should sex workers be ignored. We will write a custom essay sample on Sex Workers: the Legalization of Prostitution or any similar topic only for you Order Now They are people too and have a lot to offer the America. Other countries have legalized prostitution and it has simply become a part of the culture, no longer looked down upon. Perhaps, the U. S. hould revisit the job of sex working, and if stigmas and judgments about the field were removed and prostitution was viewed with unbiased eyes, then the positive aspects of legalization could be considered. Sex is simply another commodity that can be bought and sold, just like anything else that is traded, and should be treated as such. With certain restrictions, if brothels were designated for certain places, had their own district outside the major cities, it could help uplift a forgotten community. With certain regulations and laws put in place, not only sex workers, but society as large can benefit. Sex workers are not hurting anyone and should be allowed to do what they love. the Declaration of Independence it clearly states that, â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. † So if sex workers are happy doing their job then who is the government to try and outlaw it? Prostituting is their way of gaining life, liberty and it is their personal way of pursing happiness. If sex workers are doing what they love, not hurting anyone, and prostituting in a safe manner then the only ethical thing to do is to legalize it. But the only reason this will not happen is because of the negative stigma attached to it. Legalizing prostitution would normalize it and the mystery about sex workers would quickly dissipate. But if it became just a regular job then a lot of the taboo allure about it would be lost. After a certain amount of time most Americans would become indifferent to the issue, similar to how the Dutch now view prostitution. According to Melanie Abrams of History Today, â€Å"research has shown that 74 per cent of the Dutch population regards prostitution as an acceptable job and prostitution has been legal in the Netherlands since 2000. † If prostitution is normalized than stereotypes and judgments will decrease about the workers, making them feel less ostracized from society and help to create a richer place with diverse groups of people. The United States claims to be an accepting place, a â€Å"melting pot,† of all kinds of people with different ideas and lifestyles, so why sex workers be put on the outskirts of society? So many of sex workers are taken advantage of and abused physically, but if prostitution was legalized than not as many woman would be injured. Everyday sex workers are beaten and abused, and the intuition who is supposed to be stopping this type of behavior, the police, is often a main perpetrator of it. The police use the power in their job title to coerce the women into illicit sexual acts so that they aren’t arrested and taken to jail. Sex workers live in fear of the possible threats from their customers and threats from the governing force, the police. Legalizing prostitution would help to eliminate abuse from both of these groups because prostitution would be seen as a legitimate job. Just as other jobs have laws to ensure the protection of them, sex workers would be granted the same rights. The workers would be able to stand up for themselves and not be afraid to call out the people who take advantage of them. Also, the countless tax dollars spent on picking up sex workers and holding them in jail could be used for something more useful. Because honestly, if a sex worker really enjoys their job, they are just going to go back out on the streets. This will only encourage a viscous cycle, that will never ever stop, and simply waste money that needs to be used in something more important. The spread of STDs, if prostitution was legalized, would decrease, due to mandatory testing. One of the greatest fears about sex workers is that the spread a large number of diseases to their customers because they do not have to use protection. But if prostitution was legalized then a system could be set up to curb the spread of STDs and STIs. The workers would have to be checked periodically to insure the spread of diseases decreased, as opposed to workers who do not have to follow any rules, because they are participating in an illegal business. In parts of Australia, where prostitution is legal, sex workers â€Å"undergo regular examinations for STIs. If these tests are not done, the brothel will not permit the sex worker to work,† and in Queensland, Australia, â€Å"sex workers in brothels are required to wear a prophylactic during any type of sexual activity. As a result, Australian sex workers now have a very low incidence of STI’s. † With many jobs people have to go undergo certain requirements whether it is periodically drug testing, or getting a background check. Prostitute are going to do their job, legal or not, so imposing a way for it to be done in healthy manner, can only be for the better and help to curb the spread of unwanted STDs and STIs. If prostitutes became a legal then sex worker s could help the economy. Just as with any other job, prostitutes would become a part of the tax paying population. Rather than making all the money under the table, which is what they do now, sex workers could help the Unites States out of the economic downturn of the past few years. They could play a vital part in helping to alleviate the billions of debt that the United States is in imagine the millions of unpaid tax dollars that is being overlooked annually because prostitution is not considered a â€Å"real job. † Finally, the United States need to understand that prostitution is as a real of a job as any and rid themselves of the judgments that have been in the culture for years. Yes, some of the workers are coerced into selling themselves on the street, but there is also a percentage of the woman enjoy the work. Some women enjoy the thrill, or simply enjoy having sex. It is their body, so who is the government to tell them what to do with it; what not to do with it? If the government was able to see past these judgments then America would be a better place for it. The spread of unwanted STIs and STDs would lessen within this field, millions; possibly billions of dollars could be made by taxing the work. And the great melting pot, which is spoken so fondly of, would become even more diverse and accepting of people. In addition, there is no legal reason for it not to be legalized. Most of the reasons for why prostituting is illegal has to deal with morals. But if people do not like the idea of sex work, then they do not have to participate in it, but ultimately it is not their decision to make. If the sex workers are of the legal age, have made this decision on their own, without being forced or coerced, then they should be able to do what makes them happy. That’s all most people search for, the thing that makes them happy, so everyone should be able to experience that without being treated terribly and dealing with the constant oppression from the society from which they live in. Works Cited Abrams, Melanie. â€Å"City Of (Red) Lights. † History Today 59. 11 (2009): 6-7. Academic Search Complete. Web. 4 Dec. 2011. Sullivan, Barbara. â€Å"When (Some) Prostitution Is Legal: The Impact Of Law Reform On Sex Work In Australia. † Journal Of Law Society 37. 1 (2010): 85-104. Sociological Collection. Web. 5 Dec. 2011. How to cite Sex Workers: the Legalization of Prostitution, Papers

Essay Controversy Behind South Parks Ethics Essay Example For Students

Essay Controversy Behind South Parks Ethics Essay Controversy Behind South Parks Ethics South Park, the animated TV series aired on Comedy Central was created by Matt Stone and Trey Parker and is one of the many new shows that involve animation with high-level adult comedy that parodies current events going on across the United States and throughout the world. South Park is just one of many new shows that involve this sort of high end entertainment and they are taking the television ratings by storm. This show, along with others of its nature such as Family Guy, The Simpsons, and King of the Hill are all extremely controversial in nature and in regards to the situations portrayed on the television screen. These shows have gotten consistently more obnoxious, racial, and detrimental in content that it has caused major concern with viewers of all statures, whether it is a housewife mother’s concern with their 10 year olds viewing habits or whether it be concern in the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). In light of all the controversy and lewd content, South P ark continues to push the limits of what is acceptable for television viewing, continually going over the edge in many viewers’ eyes. Like it or not South Park is extremely inventive in nature and on many levels has been more successful then anyone could have ever dreamed. In the following pages we will explore the many different aspects, criticisms, and accomplishments this heavily controversial cable television cartoon has touched upon. South Park is an animated series that was created by Matt Stone and Trey Parker in the mid 90’s featuring four boys who live in the Colorado town of South Park, which is often beset by frequent odd occurrences that prove mysteriously similar to current events going on in our world. The show grew out of a short film that Trey Parker and Matt Stone created called â€Å"Frosty† or also known as The Spirit of Christmas. Frosty, also known as A Christmas Story, was shot on an old, rough and tumble 16mm Arriflex camera that was on an animation stand at the University of Colorado film department in Boulder. The video was very primitive stuff in nature, as it was patched together from construction-paper cutouts that were simply glued together with nothing more then Elmers Glue. The cutouts were then placed on construction paper backgrounds and photographed frame by frame. The â€Å"Spirit of Christmas† on the other h. .e fun directly at MLB players Mark McGwire, Barry Bonds and Jeremy Giambi. And in Episode 812: Stupid Spoiled Whore Video Playset , all the fourth grade girls idolize a rich, famous and spoiled socialite. They even have her brand new toy set that comes complete with video camera, night vision filter, play money and losable cell phone. In an effort to impress their idol, the girls pursue the boys to make their own videos. This show is a mockery of how recently female celebrities have become famous for partying, drinking and sleeping around. The show revolves mainly around Paris Hilton who they refer to as a stupid, spoiled whore on several occasions. We cannot protect all of the children in the world by censoring a few television shows. If anyone is at fault for exposing their child to the bad in the world, it is their parents. Remember what the 8 year old said about South Park’s swear words, â€Å"My daddy says them every single day. † It is the parents’ choice if they want to protect their children from all of the violence and profanity that is out there, it is in no way a choice of television networks. Everyone has a right to speak their minds and not have their thoughts censored. .u22553021f5a4f1c1dfd75ad546e862e6 , .u22553021f5a4f1c1dfd75ad546e862e6 .postImageUrl , .u22553021f5a4f1c1dfd75ad546e862e6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u22553021f5a4f1c1dfd75ad546e862e6 , .u22553021f5a4f1c1dfd75ad546e862e6:hover , .u22553021f5a4f1c1dfd75ad546e862e6:visited , .u22553021f5a4f1c1dfd75ad546e862e6:active { border:0!important; } .u22553021f5a4f1c1dfd75ad546e862e6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u22553021f5a4f1c1dfd75ad546e862e6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u22553021f5a4f1c1dfd75ad546e862e6:active , .u22553021f5a4f1c1dfd75ad546e862e6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u22553021f5a4f1c1dfd75ad546e862e6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u22553021f5a4f1c1dfd75ad546e862e6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u22553021f5a4f1c1dfd75ad546e862e6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u22553021f5a4f1c1dfd75ad546e862e6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u22553021f5a4f1c1dfd75ad546e862e6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u22553021f5a4f1c1dfd75ad546e862e6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u22553021f5a4f1c1dfd75ad546e862e6 .u22553021f5a4f1c1dfd75ad546e862e6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u22553021f5a4f1c1dfd75ad546e862e6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Aesthetics of Korean Art Essay